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In grammar, genitive (abbreviated ;〔(Glossing Rules ). Department of Linguistics. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Leipzig.〕 also called the possessive case or second case) is the grammatical case that marks a noun as modifying another noun. It often marks a noun as being the possessor of another noun;〔Dictionary.com, genitive〕 however, it can also indicate various other relationships than possession: certain verbs may take arguments in the genitive case, and it may have adverbial uses (''see'' Adverbial genitive). Placing the modifying noun in the genitive case is one way to indicate that two nouns are related in a genitive construction. Modern English typically does not morphologically mark nouns for a genitive case in order to indicate a genitive construction; instead, it uses either the '''' clitic or a preposition (usually ''of''). However, the personal pronouns do have distinct possessive forms. There are various other ways to indicate a genitive construction, as well. For example, many Afroasiatic languages place the head noun (rather than the modifying noun) in the construct state. Depending on the language, specific varieties of genitive-noun–main-noun relationships may include: * possession (''see'' possessive case, possessed case): * * inalienable possession ("''Janet’s'' height", "''Janet’s'' existence", "''Janet’s'' long fingers") * * alienable possession ("''Janet’s'' jacket", "''Janet’s'' drink") * * relationship indicated by the noun being modified ("''Janet’s'' husband") * composition (''see'' Partitive): * * substance ("a wheel ''of cheese''") * * elements ("a group ''of men''") * * source ("a portion ''of the food''") * participation in an action: * * as an agent ("She benefited from ''her father's'' love") – this is called the ''subjective genitive'' (Compare "Her father loved her", where ''Her father'' is the ''subject''.) * * as a patient ("the love ''of music''") – this is called the ''objective genitive'' (Compare "She loves music", where ''music'' is the ''object''.) * origin ("men ''of Rome''") * reference ("the capital ''of the Republic''" or "''the Republic's'' capital") * description ("man ''of honour''", "day ''of reckoning''") * compounds ("''dooms''day" ("doom's day"), Scottish Gaelic "''ball coise''" = "football", where "''coise''" = gen. of "''cas''", "foot") * apposition (Japanese ふじの山 (''Fuji no Yama''), "Mount Fuji"; Latin ''urbs Romae'' ("city of Rome")) Depending on the language, some of the relationships mentioned above have their own distinct cases different from the genitive. Possessive pronouns are distinct pronouns, found in Indo-European languages such as English, that function like pronouns inflected in the genitive. They are considered separate pronouns if contrasting to languages where pronouns are regularly inflected in the genitive. For example, English ''my'' is either a separate possessive adjective or an irregular genitive of ''I'', while in Finnish, for example, ''minun'' is regularly agglutinated from ''minu-'' "I" and ''-n'' (genitive). In some languages, nouns in the genitive case also agree in case with the nouns they modify (that is, it is marked for two cases). This phenomenon is called suffixaufnahme. In some languages, nouns in the genitive case may be found in inclusio – that is, between the main noun’s article and the noun itself. Many languages have a genitive case, including Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Basque, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, Georgian, German, Greek, Icelandic, Irish, Latin, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Sanskrit, Scottish Gaelic, Turkish and all Slavic languages except Bulgarian and Macedonian. English does not have a proper genitive case, but a possessive ending, ''-’s'', although some pronouns have irregular possessive forms which may more commonly be described as genitives; see English possessive. ==Chinese (Cantonese)== The particle 嘅 (''ge'') or the possessed noun's classifier is used to denote possession for singular nouns, while the particle 啲 (''dī'') is used for plural nouns. Examples: * 爸爸嘅屋企 ''bā bā ge ūk kéi'' (father's house/home) * 我間屋 ''ngóh gāan ūk'' (my house) * 係佢啲書. ''haih kéuih di shyu'' (It's his books.) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Genitive case」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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